Method of uniting materials.



0. F. HEINKEL & J. MUTH.

METHOD OF UNITING MATERIALS.

APPLIGATION TILED NOV. 12, 1909.

Patented Nov. 12, 1912.

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G. F. HEINKEL & J. MUTH. METHOD OF UNITING MATERIALS.

APPLICATION FILED 110112, 1909. 1,043,831 Patented Nov. 12,1912.

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METHOD OF UNITING MATERIALS.

APPLICATION TILED NOV. 12,1909.

Patented Nov. 12, 1912.

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UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

CHRISTIAN I. HIINKEL AND JOHN MUTE, OF CLEVELAND, OHIO; SAII) MUTE ABSIGNOB '10 SAID HEINKEL.

IETHQD OF UNI'I'ING MATERIALS Specification of Letters Patent.

Application filed November 12, 1909. Serial No. 527,672.

To all whom it may concern. 1

Be it known that We, Crnus'rmn F. I'IEIN- KEL and JOHN MUTH, residing at-Cleve-' land, in the county of Cuyahcga and State of Ohio, have invented a new and useful Method of Uniting Materials, following is a specification.

Our invention relates to methods of uniting materal's in which similar or dissimilar materials can be united by melting one or more of said materials and casting same to the other or others of the said materials, without materially changing or altering their physical property or condition.

The object of our invention is a' cheap and eflicient method of uniting or joining materials, and to form a better andmore permanent joint or bond between the said materials than heretofore. r

We attain this object, generally speaking, by coating one or more materials with a binder and casting one or more materials thereto; thebinder and the body material adjacent to the solid piece' being so proportioned as'to bulk and composition, to fuse the binder and cause it-to mix with the molten material while casting.

The methods of unitin materialsby casting heretofore employe depend upon the molten material to impart sufficient heat to the solid materialto' fuse its surface and thus unite with the molten material, aided, in some cases, by a flux or a thin coating over the solid material, for vthe purpose of preventin oxidation; the disadvantages of those met ods are that the physical properties or conditions of the solid pieces are changed, and the solid material weakened; for instance, the cutters of a cutting tool, made of carbon steel, will be burned when cast-in a cast iron or cast steel body there to; or if the cutters are made of self hardening steel, and hardenedbefore casting the heat imparted to them by the molten body material will soften them and render them the mold before they are hardened, almost impossible to harden them after casting, as the body material may fuse before the cutters are sufficiently heated for proper hardening; or if the fork shown in Figure X is cast to thetube by the older methods and the tube is rather thin, the wall may burn through; or, as is generally known, a joint of which the chills. in place in thus made will weaken the tube very much, and for that reason such joints have not been used to any extent, as for instance in automobile and the like construction, where lightweight is essential. Likewise in cases 0 pieces being cast in or shrunk in without welding at the ,joint these same difiiculties Wlll appear.. To overcome these difiiculties, we coat the with a binder which is so proportioned, as

to bulk or com osition or both, to be fused and mix with t e molten material; the molten material immediately surrounding the solid pieces of material may also be so proportioned to aid the said binder, so that when the molten material, while casting, comes 1n contact with the binder, it imparts suflicient heat to the binder to fuse it and cause i't-to mix with themolten material, and by the time the binder is so fused, the molten material immediately surrounding the binder will have cooled sufficiently so as not to affect the solid material materially thus, the material to which another materia is cast, does not change its physical condition or property or its form to any det- I iece of material to. which another plece 0 material is to be cast- Patented Nov. 12,1912.

rimental extent; the binder in this mvention performs a function similar to the glue between two pieces of wood.

In the drawings accompanying: Fig. I

is a perspective-view of a cutting-blade for v a milling-cutter. Fig. II is a'sectional s ective-view of the cutting-blade of with the binder coated thereon. Fig. I' is a modification of a cutting-blade. Fi

IV is' a section through the mold for a mi showing the cutting-blades and the mold and ready for pouring of the molten material; section is taken. on line ':cw of Fig. VIII. Fig. V is a section of the milling-cutter as it is taken ing-cutter,

out. of the mold after casting; section is taken on line:vm of Fig. VIII. Fi VI is a side-view of a shell-reamer, partlyfiiroken away toshow the cutting-blades in place. Fi VII is a side-view of an, adjustable she l-reamer, partly broken away to show the cutting-blades united to' thebody, and to further-show the adjusting means. Fig. VIII is a side-view {of a milling-cutter, partly broken awa this ,fi re shows the finished product 0 Figs.- I, IV, and V. Fig. IX is a side-view of a lathe or planer tool. Fig. X is a side-view of a fork partly broken away to show the tube united thereto. Fig. XI is a side-view of a hand-reamer, partly broken away to show the cuttingblades united to the body. Fig. XII is a side-view of a twist-drill, partly broken away to show the tang united to the shank. Fig. XIII is a section through a cutting bladeand a portion 0 the body; this figure illustrates the general relation of the cutting-blades and the bodies of the several reamers and milling-cutters previously shown. Fig. XIV is a section of a carbon brush for a dynamo with another material united thereto. Fig. XV is an end-view of a grinding-wheel, partly broken away to show abrasion-material united to the bodv.

' Fig. XVI is a side-view of Fig. XV, partly broken away, to show abrasion material united to the body.

Similar .numerals refer to similar parts throughout the several views.

This method of uniting materials is appli cable to a variety of objects and purposes, several of which are illustrated generally only, in the drawings, but in order to have this invention easily understood we have particularly shown in Figs. I, II, IV, and V,-

and will now particularly describe in con nection with said figures, the method of uniting the cutting-blades to the body of a millin -cutter; the other figures of the drawin'gs s ow several applications of this invention, and any one, skilled in the art, should be able to apply this invention for the purpose of uniting any'materials.

Referring particularly to Figs. I, II, IV and V whlch show this invention applied to a milling-cutter (the finished cutter being shown in Fig. VIII), a pattern of suitable material, corresponding to the form of the body 1 is made and is provided with core-prints corresponding to that part of the cutting-blades 2 which project outside of the said body. The cutting-blades 2,

preferably of high-speed steel, are first ormed, they are t en heated and hardened somewhat harder than necessary for cutting urposes, the reason therefor will appear hereinafter; after cutting-blades 2 are heated, and while cooling in the hardening process, a binder 3 is applied to the cuttingblades 2 by plating, or dipping in molten binder material, or by any other means; the binder 3 must adhere firmly to the cuttingblades 2, and should be a material, or a composition of materials,-which melts at a lower temperature than the material of the body 1, as will a pear hereinafter; a pre-' ferred method of hardenin the cuttingblades and applying the bin er thereto consists in, first, heating the cuttin -blades to the proper temperature for harc ening, second, dippin the so heated cutting-blades into anaci either inliquid acid such as ma erial boracic acid, or in solid or'granular acid such as borax, and leaving there until sufficient heat remains in the cutting-blades to cause the binder to adhere firmly, third, re novlng the cutting-blades from the said acid and applying the binder; by dipping the cutting-blades in acid they become "er-y hard, as well as being cleaned for the reception of the binder. If air-hardening steel is used in the cutting-blades the bardenmg thereof, previous to placing the same in the mold, may be omitted, but we prefer to heat such cutting-blades sufiicientlv to cause the binder to adhere firmly. A mold is then made with the said pattern in sand or otherwise, the cutting-blades 2 with their coat of binder are then inserted into the sald corerints of this mold, and the molten or body 1 is then poured into the said mold. Said molten material, coming in contact with, and imparting some of its heat to the binder 3 which melts at a lower temperature than the material of the body as previously mentioned, will fuse or melt the said binder; the said moltenmaterial of the body 1 and the now fused or molten binder 'will mix or unite, and, after cooling, will form a solid and permanent bond between the body 1 and the cutting-blades 2. Some of the heat of the molten material which is poured into the mold will also be imparted to the cutting-blades 2, and thereby draw their temper somewhat, for that reason the cutting-blades 2 were originally hardened somewhat harder than necessary for cutting purposes as previously mentioned. v

After the tool has cooled it is removed from the mold and will appear similar to Fig. V; it is then finished by grinding or otherwise and will then appear similar to Fig. VIII. We prefer to remove the tool from the mold immediately after it has set and while still hot and subject it to a cooling means such as an air-blast or an oil bath so as to prevent annealing or drawing the temper too much.

The binder 3 may be of any material, or of any composition of materials; .we find that copper is a good binder-material when the material of the body requires a high temperature for melting, as for instance cast-steel; zinc, tin, lead, aluminum and the like materials, or any combination thereof, or a combination of any or all of the above with copper, or with any other material or materials which require a rather high temperature for fusing or melting, may be employed when the body-material requires a lower temperature for melting. I

Judgment must be exercised so that .the binder will fuse or melt, but not burn up from the heat imparted to it by the molted body-material specific binder-material or binder-alloy for it is impossible to give a ,3 throug the binder all pur oses, or for an particular bodymateria in as much as t e amount of molten material surrounding the binder may be large or small, or the temperature required 5 to melt the body-material may be large or small, and therefore im art more or less heat to the binder; the hinder to be used should be suited to the temperature at which the body-material meltsand to the amount of bod -material surrounding the binder; if the inder fuses or melts at a low temerature and the body-material melts at a biglh temperature, or a large quantity of y-material surrounds the cutting-blades,

15 the binder may burn up and leave an oxid and a good bond will not be formed.

Either the binder, or the body material adjacent thereto, or both, should be so pro- 20 rtioned, as to bulk and composition, that the binder will fuse and mix with the body material while casting without imparting suflicient heat to the solid iece of material to seriously affect its physical condition or 25 property, as for instance drawing the temper of the cutters, or burning or otherwise weakening the tube shown in Fig. X; applying an acid, or a chlorid, or a cyanid upon the surface of the solid ieces, or the ordinary tinning of the sur' ace, as done heretofore is-insuflicient for the purpose of this invention, as such methods revent oxidation only and do not have su cient body for a ood bond; we desire to form a bond which adheres firmly to the solid pieces and mixes with the molten material while castin the molten material does not take hold the solid material directly, but does so indirectly through the o binder.

It may be noted here that, although the mold may be considered air-tight and no oxidation takes lace while uring, a little aluminum added to the bin er, particularly a copper or part co per binder, will check oxidation to a co-nsi erable extent. Any materials may be united by this method, and the several a plications of this method illustrated in the rawings will now 50 be described briefly.

The cutting-blade shown in Fig. III has a toe 4 which helps to hold theisaid cuttingblades in the body by presenting a larger binder-area to the body-material.

The shell-'reamer shown in Fig. VI has cutting-blades 5 united to'the body 6; any number of cutting-blades may be united to the bod and a transverse section through any of t e cutting-blades will appear similar so to Fig. .XIII.

The adjustable shell-reamer shown-in Fi VII has cutting-blades 7 united to the ho y 8, and further has an adjustingcone 9 threaded to thebody 8, and two or more slits e5 10 so that, when manipulating the said ad- 'between the cutting-blades and the body,

justing-cone .9, the front-part of body 8 and cutting-blades 7 can spring in or out, or, in other words, increase or decrease the diameter of the reamer'; a transverse section through any of the cutting-blades will appear similar to Fig. XIII; these reamers, preferably, have face ,8 and the opening 9' it to the arbor or shank, and body 8 is, particularly in large reamers, cut away or relieved as at 8", to reduce the material surrounding the cutting-blades 7 as well as permitting more spring, and therefore more ad ustment, to the cutting-blades 7 Fig. VIII shows the finished milling-cutter particularly illustrated and described in connection with Figs. I, II, IV, and V; we therefore apply the same reference numerals thereto.

The Iathe or planer tool shown in Fig. IX has the cutting-blade 11 united to the body 12.

0 Fig. X shows a fork 13 united to a tube 14; a stog-plate 15 should be placed either on the en of tube 14 as shown, or some distance back of, or in from, the end of the tube 14, so that the molten material may run some distance into the said tube and thereby present more binding surface between the .two materials, as well as supporting the said tube inside as well as outside, thus producing a better and stronger joint; the inder in this case may be integrally united to the tube by brazing, or

lating, or any other similar means; or the inder may be laid around the tube and on 'the stop a te, and the heat of the molten material may be employed to unite the binder to the tube.

The hand-reamer shown in Fig. XI has cutting-blades 16 united to the body 17.

. integrally The twist-drill shown in Fig. XII has the cutting-blades 18united to the body 19, and the tang 20 to shank 21; referenceis to be had to our pending application for drills, filed Oct. 24th, 1908, Serial Number 459,381, which shows drills with cutting-blades.

Fig. XIII shows'a section of a cuttingblade and a portion of a body, and is intended to show our preferred relation of the cutting-blade to the body of a cutting-tool,

such asreamers, milling-cutters, core-drills, and the like, and to answer the purpose of end-views of Figs. VI, VII,,VIII, and XI.

Fig. XIV shows a carbon dynamo brush 22 united to a metal back 23; it is well known in the art that, when an electric current leaves a carbon brush, or in other words when an electric current passes from the carbon brush to the brush-holder, the carbon brush being porous, formed between the brush and the holder, thus causing heat and dissipation of energy; by uniting means of a binder these arcs are eliminated, as either or both faces 23" can be finished.

a number of arcs are a metal back to the brush by .smoothly to form a good contact with the brush-holder.

' In Figs. XV and XVI we show an abrasive or grinding-wheel which has an abra- 'wheel is running at a high rate of sp sive ring 24 united to a body or hub 25; these wheels are now made of abrasive material throughout and have a light coat of lead or jbabbitt around the central opening to fit to the arbor; such a wheel is held and driven by collars or washers screwed against ltS,

sides; this clam-ping and driving causes strains in the Wheel and possible fracture which isdangerous, particularly whei tlhe e9 y casting a hub or body to the abrasive rin holding and driving is accomplished throng the hub or body and the abrasive material ,is left in its natural condition; the danger of the wheel breaking from clamping or driving is thus eliminated; this method will also save considerable abrasive material, as the body-material is cheaper than the abrasive material, and, the wheel being used down to the diameter of the collars or flanges only, the body-material thus discarded is less expensive than the abrasive material whlch would otherwise be discarded; the binder in this wheel, as well as in the carbon brush previously mentioned can be applied by plating, or by laying the binder on the face or faces to be united and inte rally uniting the binder to the abrasive materialby means of the heat of the molten bod -material, or by melting the binder-materia and pouring it upon the surface or surfaces whlch are to -.be united to the body; carbon and the "abras'ive materials being porous, the molten mathe pores and adhere firmly; the method of procedure for this grinding-wheel is as follows A pattern is made conforming to the finished wheel, a

mold is made with said pattern, the abrasive part 24, previously made and with binder applied or laid in place, is then placed in the said mold similar to a core, and the ;m0lten body-material is then poured into the said mold, after cooling the complete said mold and fin- For probable convenience of manufacture the cutting-blades are shown (see Fig. II) with the binder applied over their entire surface, but it should be understood that the binder. needs to be applied only to the faces which are to be material.

Instead of coating the cutting-blades, or the surface of any other material which is united with another to be united with another material, with a binder, a binder may be placed in the mold and adjacent to the face which is to be united with the molten material; the heat from the molten material will fuse or melt the said binder and integrally unite and form a permanent bond bet-ween the mathereby prevent the binder from burning up,

or prevent the cutting-blades from annealing, or both; or that, in case a large quantity of molten material is to be cast to a thin, or much less bulky material, chill-plates 26 should be employed heat of the molten material from the thinto divert some of the ner material, and thereby prevent the thinner material from burning up or being weakened by the heat. It should further be noted that materials other than metals, and that any number of materials may thus be united; for.instance, a. 5 pointed star may be made with 5 different materials composing the points and a 6th material composing the body; or the 6 points of a iii-pointed star may be composed of different materials, all verging to a point, and alternate points be ing cast to the others.

It will be seen that this invention is basic or generic, and has awide range of application; the applications shown and described are examples only, and are mentioned'only material, comes within the spirit and intent of this invention; any procedure whioh'applies a binder to one 'or more materials and casts one or more materials thereto, thus fusing or melting the said binder, and thereby either causing the said fused or molten I b nder to mix, or unite with the said molten castin -material, or causing the said fused or mo ten binder to integrally unite with one material and mix or unite with another material, comes within the spirit and intent of this invention; any one skilled in the art should be able, after perusal of this specification and these drawings, to ap ly the spirit and intent of this invention fbr any purpose of uniting materials, in as much as detailed steps are given in connection with a milling-cutter and an abrasive or grinding-wheel, and several general applications of this method are illustrated and pointed out.

VVeclaim: v r

1. The method of uniting one or more pieces of material to a casting, which method consists in coating a surface of each of said piece or pieces of material with a binder, in molding said casting with a core-print for each of said piece or pieces of material, in placing said piece or pieces of material into said core-prints, in pouring said casting, and in cooling said casting after said binder has fused and mixed with a layer of the casting material but before the heat radiated by said casting material changes the physical condition or property ofsaid piece or pieces of material.

2. The method of uniting one or more.

pieces of material to a casting, which method consists in coating a surface of each of'said piece or pieces of material with a binder, in moldin said casting with a core-print for each 0 said piece or pieces of material, in arrangin the mold to surround said binder with su cient casting material to fuse said binder, in placing said piece or pieces of material into said core-prints, in pouring said casting, and in cooling said casting after said binder has fused and mixed with a la er of the casting material but before the eat radiated by said casting material changes the physica condition or property of said piece or pieces of material.

'3. The method of uniting one or more pieces of material to a casting, which method consists in coating a surface of each of said iece or pieces of material with a binder, in molding the end-face of said casting with a core-print for each of said iece or pieces of material and the outer or circumferential face with core-prints for one or more chills,

in forming said chill or chills with a recess adapted to' receive the outer or circumferential portion of said piece or pieces of material, in placing said chill or chills into said core-prints provided for that purpose, in placing said piece or pieces of material into said core-prints provided for that purpose,

the outer or circumferential portion of said.

piece or pieces of material entering said recess, in pouring said casting, and in coolin said casting after said binder has fused an mixed with a layer of the casting material but before the heat radiated by said casting material changes the physical condition or property of said piece or pieces of material. 4. The method of uniting one or more pieces of material to a casting, which method consists in coating a surface of each of said iece or pieces of material with a binder, in molding the end-face of said casting with a core-print for each of said piece or pieces of material, and the outer or clrcumferential face with core-prints for one or more chills,

in arran 'ng the mold to surround said binder with suflicient casting material to fuse said binderv in forming said chill or chills with a recess adapted to receive the outer or circumferential portion of said piece or pieces ofmaterial, in placing said chill or-chills into said core-prints provided for that purpose, in placing said piece or pieces of material into said core-prints provided for that purpose, the outer or circumferential portion of said piece or pieces of material entering said recew, in pouring said casting, and in cooling said casting after said binder has fused and mixed with a layer of the casting material but before the heat radiated b said casting material changes the physlcal condition or property of said piece or ieces of material.

5. The metho of uniting the cutters to the ,body of a cutting tool, which method consists in coating a surface of each of said cutters with a binder, in molding said body with core-prints for said cutters, in placing said cutters into said core-prints, in ourin said body, and in-coolin said tool a er sai binder has fused and mixed with a layer of the casting material but before the heat radiated by said casting material changes the physical condition or property of said cutters.

6. The method of uniting the cutters to the body of a cutting tool, which method consists in coating a surface of each of said cutters with a binder, in molding said body with a core-print for each of said cutters,

in arran 'ng the mold to surround said binder with suflicient casting material to fuse said binder, in placing said cutters into said core-prints, in pouring said body, and in coolin said =tool after said binder has fused an mixed with a layer of the body material but before the heat radiated b said casting material changes the physical condition or property of said cutters.

CHRISTIAN F. HEINKEL. JOHN MUTH. Witnesses:

HENRY R. SYDON, JULIAN T. Sanowsxr.

It is hereby certified that in Letters Patent No. 1,043,831, granted November 12, 1912, upon the application of Christian F. Heinlrel and John Muth, of Cleveland,

Ohlo for an improvement in Methods of Uniting Materials, an error appears in the printed specification requiring correction as follows: Page 4, line 97, strike out the words material, comes within, and insert the words as an aid to.-understand, and that the said Letters( Patent should be read with this correction therein that the same may conform to the record of the casein the Patent Office. Signed and sealed this 7th day of January, A.l)., 1913.

. [sun] o. o. BILLINGS, Acting Commissioner of Pat ents. i

the physical condition or property ofsaid piece or pieces of material.

2. The method of uniting one or more.

pieces of material to a casting, which method consists in coating a surface of each of'said piece or pieces of material with a binder, in moldin said casting with a core-print for each 0 said piece or pieces of material, in arrangin the mold to surround said binder with su cient casting material to fuse said binder, in placing said piece or pieces of material into said core-prints, in pouring said casting, and in cooling said casting after said binder has fused and mixed with a la er of the casting material but before the eat radiated by said casting material changes the physica condition or property of said piece or pieces of material.

'3. The method of uniting one or more pieces of material to a casting, which method consists in coating a surface of each of said iece or pieces of material with a binder, in molding the end-face of said casting with a core-print for each of said iece or pieces of material and the outer or circumferential face with core-prints for one or more chills,

in forming said chill or chills with a recess adapted to' receive the outer or circumferential portion of said piece or pieces of material, in placing said chill or chills into said core-prints provided for that purpose, in placing said piece or pieces of material into said core-prints provided for that purpose,

the outer or circumferential portion of said.

piece or pieces of material entering said recess, in pouring said casting, and in coolin said casting after said binder has fused an mixed with a layer of the casting material but before the heat radiated by said casting material changes the physical condition or property of said piece or pieces of material. 4. The method of uniting one or more pieces of material to a casting, which method consists in coating a surface of each of said iece or pieces of material with a binder, in molding the end-face of said casting with a core-print for each of said piece or pieces of material, and the outer or clrcumferential face with core-prints for one or more chills,

in arran 'ng the mold to surround said binder with suflicient casting material to fuse said binderv in forming said chill or chills with a recess adapted to receive the outer or circumferential portion of said piece or pieces ofmaterial, in placing said chill or-chills into said core-prints provided for that purpose, in placing said piece or pieces of material into said core-prints provided for that purpose, the outer or circumferential portion of said piece or pieces of material enterin said recew, in pouring said casting, and in cooling said casting after said binder has fused and mixed with a layer of the casting material but before the heat radiated b said casting material changes the physlcal condition or property of said piece or ieces of material.

5. The metho of uniting the cutters to the ,body of a cutting tool, which method consists in coating a surface of each of said cutters with a binder, in molding said body with core-prints for said cutters, in placing said cutters into said core-prints, in ourin said body, and in-coolin said tool a er sai binder has fused and mixed with a layer of the casting material but before the heat radiated by said casting material changes the physical condition or property of said cutters.

6. The method of uniting the cutters to the body of a cutting tool, which method consists in coating a surface of each of said cutters with a binder, in molding said body with a core-print for each of said cutters,

in arran 'ng the mold to surround said binder with suflicient castin material to fuse said binder, in placing said cutters into said core-prints, in pouring said body, and in coolin said =tool after said binder has fused an mixed with a layer of the body material but before the heat radiated b said casting material changes the physical condition or property of said cutters.

CHRISTIAN F. HEINKEL. JOHN MUTH. Witnesses:

HENRY R. SYDON, JULIAN T. Sanowsxr.

It is hereby certified that in Letters Patent No. 1,043,831, granted November 12, 1912, upon the application of Christian F. Heinlrel and John Muth, of Cleveland,

Ohlo for an improvement in Methods of Uniting Materials, an error appears in the printed specification requiring correction as follows: Page 4, line 97, strike out the words material, comes within, and insert the words as an aid to.-understand, and that the said Letters( Patent should be read with this correction therein that the same may conform to the record of the casein the Patent Office. i

' Signed and sealed this 7th day of January, A.l)., 1913.

. [sun] o. o. BILLINGS,

Acting Commissioner of Patents. i r 

